White Papers from the Gold Coast Institute Fellows

 

The Winning Balance: Managing the Leadership Tensions

Terry L. Paulson, PhD., CSP, CPAE

The Gold Coast Institute

“The new economy is a dangerous place. It is unforgiving, and it measures human life in dog years: Three years wasted on the wrong pursuits, or, just as bad, in avoiding the right ones, leaves you 21 years older and farther off track. There’s never a time for comfort. Now, can you act as though you know that? The interesting challenge is to know that if you don’t go far enough, you’ll never know how far you can go.” Harriet Rubin

“Recognize that every 'out front' maneuver you make is going to be lonely. If you feel entirely comfortable, then you're not far enough ahead to do any good. That warm sense of everything going well is usually the body temperature at the center of the herd.”

 Anonymous

At a screenwriting class, a struggling screenwriter asked, “I’m starving out here trying to make it in Hollywood. I have a friend who writes scripts for training films. Do you think I could do that and still work my way into Hollywood?” The instructor replied, “Don’t touch them! They are entirely different animals. Hollywood is into creating unresolved tension to get people to watch from beginning to end. Training films are into giving answers. There is no tension; that is why they are so boring!” Training programs may be boring, but life in leading companies is anything but boring. The answers in sustaining excellence are not found in getting closure; they are found in taking advantage of the tension of processes involved in getting people and systems to work together to sustain excellence. The best leaders do not just want a good year; they want to sustain a dynasty. In change management, the truth may very well be found in managing the tension between equal, seemingly conflicting leadership forces.

"In times of rapid change, experience could be your worst enemy." J. Paul Getty

“It often happens that I wake at night and begin to think about a serious problem and decide I must tell the Pope about it. Then I wake up completely and remember that I am the Pope.” Pope John XXIII

"I never worry about action, but only about inaction.” Winston Churchill

“You miss 100% of the shots you never take.” Wayne Gretzky

"When you come to a fork in the road, take it." Yogi Berra

"If you want to manage somebody, manage yourself. Do that well and you'll be ready to stop managing. And start leading." Executive Development Systems

Embrace Change and Value the Past

"We want to play hard for the season, win the big game, and sit around during the off-season and gloat about how great we are. But the competitors we face in business today don't want to wait until next year for a rematch--they want to play again next week and every week until they finally win. It's tough for us to accept that we don't control the rules of the game anymore. We've got to be ready to battle formidable competitors everyday, forever, without a break." Bill Almon, President of Conner Peripherals

"The new code of conduct is an active strategy of disrupting the status quo to create a series of unsustainable advantages." Rich D’Aveni

In the fast lane of change, all must be challenged to get on board in order to shape its desired course. Instead of trying to relieve stress by giving people the promise of calm after the next change and then watch the trust take a dive when the next change is announced, be honest—“We are never going to be finished with change. Be excited! You will never be bored again! The good old days aren’t coming back, but we get to help shape the new good old days! You’ve read this in every leadership book...embrace change! Where is the tension here? It’s time for a little straight talk—Not every change is for the better! While it is true that every improvement is the result of change, not every change is an improvement. The past has value, and it will continue to have value. At the same time, the past shouldn’t have an automatic veto. We need to take the best from the past and best from the future to forge our way into the future. That means turmoil. If you ever felt that certain people in your organization were designed to frustrate you, you are probably right. Somewhere in the struggle for the best strategy you will need to keep the change agents and the status quo seekers talking together to get the best out of both. Neither has a lock on truth! Leaders must learn to value and learn from both groups to find their way. What is worth holding onto from your organization’s past? What needs to be let go of to move forward?

"People ask about skeptics, and it's always in a negative way. But I think the skeptics help bring the champions back to reality. I need that. I can get off on a target very quickly." Charles Caldwell

"American workers don't speak up because they fear being ostracized, cut off from the information flow. Fully 70 percent of workers didn't speak up to the people who could solve a problem. That means managers have an inadequate pool of information for making decisions. That, in turn, fuels workers' perceptions that managers aren't to be trusted." Joshua Hammond, American Quality Foundation

Sell the Need to Move beyond Fear to Take Advantage of Opportunities

“Only the paranoid survive.” Andy Grove, former Intel CEO

"We need to be afraid of our customers, because those are the folks who give us money. I remind people every morning we should wake up afraid and use the terror as a motivator. The customers are the folks that at the end of the day are really in control.... Customers have a bigger voice online. If we make a customer unhappy, they can tell thousands of people. Likewise, if you make a customer happy, they can also tell thousands of people. With that kind of a megaphone in the hands of every individual customer, you had better be a customer-centric company." Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon.com

"There's little plain, unvarnished truth in organizations. Those in charge play things too close to the vest. As a result, most people aren't part of the change; they're the targets. They spend most of their time imagining what will be coming next and when and how they are going to deal with it. The ownership of the change is just far too narrow." Fred Nichols

Fear and hope are both good motivators. Your job as leaders is to unfreeze the status quo before you sell any change. When you wait for a crisis to be your catalyst for change, you seldom have the money or time to do it well. Resist trying to sell people on new solutions when they don’t even have an awareness of the need to change. Keep asking yourself, “What can I do to generate an awareness of the need to change while they still have the time and the resources to make change work? How do I become an eye-opening translator of the advantages for strategic, service-driven change?” While noting the cost of doing nothing, sell the value and hope involved in embracing change as a way of life. Music in a movie creates anticipation. As executives, you are called to be the music for your people. What threats and opportunities are you aware of that can help get your people ready for needed change?

“People only change when confronted with strong leadership, crisis, or both. Therefore, unless you are willing to be at the whim of crises, strong leadership is the only reliable change force you have.”

 Thomas C. Gibson

Drive a Compelling and Flexible Vision Guided by Core Values

“Vision without action is only a dream. Action without vision is just passing the time. Vision with action can change the world.” Joel Barker

"Creative tension comes from seeing clearly where we want to be, our `vision,' and telling the truth about where we are, our `current reality.' The gap between the two generates a natural tension. Without vision there is no creative tension. Creative tension cannot be generated from current reality alone. All the analysis in the world will never generate a vision. Many who are qualified to lead fail to do so because they try to substitute analysis for vision. What they never grasp is that the natural energy for changing reality comes from holding a picture of what might be that is more important to people than what is." Peter M. Senge, MIT Sloan School of Management

"Spend as much time on opportunity management as you do on operations management."

 Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad

"A change facilitator provides...multiple paths. They keep five or six streams running and make sure new streams come along so that branching continues. A change facilitator is someone who is looking not for closings but for openings. We can't control change. That's not the issue anymore. It is managing the ride, rolling with the flow. That is very different from where we've been and not a place where we are comfortable. It involves a lot of risk." Gloria Regalbuto, William M. Mercer Inc.

"Never forget...that the most difficult thing in doing good business is to say no to bad business, the bad opportunities.... You must always decide who your customer is...and you should say no to every option that is not related to that customer's need." Jan Carlzon, former CEO of SAS

Without a compelling vision of the future and realistic assessment of the current reality, people won’t be motivated to make strategic change work. Teams crave a meaningful direction, but clear crystal balls are in short supply. Good leaders must again manage the tension. Instead of waiting for a perfect laser-focused vision, risk moving in a direction committed to refining your vision as you move. With input from stakeholders, forge, communicate and drive a fuzzy but strategic focus. Making progress on an imperfect 10 degrees of direction is still better than having to tackle 360 degrees of limitless chaos. Since the destination is never reached or fully defined, keep adjusting and driving that vision as your people and clients provide course-correction data from real-world experience. Instead of becoming lost in distant details, keep your eyes on the changing horizon to communicate any course corrections that may be necessary. Never expect closure; be looking for a flowing focus in search of never-ending stream of new profitable options. Be flexible enough to support different paths but only within your strategic focus. The essence of true strategy is denial; the toughest challenge is always saying no to the many ideas that will be intriguing but not focused strategically. No organization can do it all and retain excellence. Focus on targeting their risk taking and strategic positioning to make a difference where it counts for your clients. Let go of what does not add value to those you serve. Remember, the biggest difference between a vision and a hallucination are the number of people who see it. Don’t just assume your people buy your vision. What are you doing to communicate and drive home your strategic vision to your people?

“In an organization that truly manages by its values, there is only one boss, the company’s values.”

 Ken Blanchard and Michael O’Connor

"In the current environment, companies can't afford not to have a set of guiding principles, a system of core values that communicates 'true north' to the entire organization. Many of the operational decisions that enact the strategy are being made in the field, near the customers, rather than at the top. But with a clear set of strategic principles in place, it's actually easier for people in the field to make quick, confident decisions that are consistent with overall strategy. And, in the end, that arrangement allows for greater freedom, flexibility, and experimentation." Orit Gadiesh, Chairman of Bain & Co.

For high performance leaders, values and integrity are back in. Trust is a fragile asset that has long-term payoffs for individuals and for the organization. It takes every person daring to live his values. Don't wait for others to do their part. As a leader, they want to see you walk your talk every day. There is great value to values. Core values help direct your strategic choices. They are both your anchor in the rough sea and the lighthouse that helps illuminate a positive and principled course. It is your foundation for anything you build. It is what you stand for and what you hold yourself accountable to maintain no matter what the cost.  This provides the internal measuring system leaders need to be consistent and build trust. This firm foundation allows you to stand up to the tough decisions all leaders face. What are your core values and do they show in your strategic decisions?

"Always do what is right. It will gratify most of the people, and astound the rest." Mark Twain

"You need clarity on your own non-negotiables. You need to know what you won't budge on, or you'll be buffeted by the winds." Curtis R. Berrien

Keep Hope Alive Overcome Obstacles and Positively Gossip about your Success Stories

"The first and last task of a leader is to keep hope alive." John W. Gardner

“I could detect a distinct correlation between this notion of vision and performance.... The good ones had a vision. As for the bad ones, it was hard to tell why the people had come to work that morning.”

 Donald Povejsil

Having a vision promotes strategic movement, but creating and sustaining the drive and the enthusiasm for the journey takes work in a world locked into cynicism and negative media programming. In a changing world, leaders will need to help teams relearn the optimism advantage. This is not a call for motivational hype. Research suggests that flexible optimists persevere even in the presence of obstacles and negative outcomes. They perceive failures as temporary setbacks, rather than final verdicts. Victory comes most often to the steady and dependable. Sometimes you have to look the media-driven reality in the eye and deny it. In fact, we value leaders who have an optimistic view of the future, but we don’t like Pollyanna! Good leaders promote a healthy tension; they balance the hope of strategic success with a realistic assessment of the obstacles that must be overcome to reach it. Selling any vision requires leaders who believe in their workers ability to accomplish their mission. It also requires leaders who give honest information about the obstacles people will need to overcome to make the vision a reality.

Drive your vision every day with a good dose of hope and optimism. Let the commitment and enthusiasm of your people be as contagious as your own. Find the stories that capture and promote how the new culture is working. Remember, the difference between being enthusiastic and generating enthusiasm is whose ideas you get excited about. Be as excited about the ideas and work of your people as you are about your own. Capture hope and excellence where you find it, fan the sparks, and reflect the heat to the others who do not yet believe that change can work! Good stories are a rich reservoir of enthusiasm, feelings and wisdom. Good stories touch your people where they work and provide images for retention. Take time to master questions that will surface best practices worth sharing: What has been working for you? What are you doing differently that is worth bragging about? You are known more by the questions you consistently ask than by anything else you say. What questions define your leadership?

“There are two ways of spreading light: To be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it.” Edith Wharton

"I’m often introduced as being ‘in charge of change.’ I’m not in charge of anything. My role is to create mirrors that show the whole what the parts are doing—through coffee talks and small meetings, through building a network, through bringing people together who have similar or complimentary ideas. You seek out the positive deviants and support them. You feed them; you give them resources and visibility." Barbara Waugh, Worldwide Personnel Manager, HP Labs

"Every person I work with knows something better than I. My job is to listen long enough to find it and use it." Jack Nichols

Effective Resource Management Means Being Tight and Loose

“Nothing inspires genius like a tight budget.” Sign at the CA State Finance Department in Sacramento

"In difficult times, the most common mistake is a kind of corporate egalitarianism. Companies take 10% away from everybody, instead of separating out what's core. They need to determine what's critical and invest in that, even if it means taking 20% away from something else. There's too much democracy, because nobody wants to make anybody unhappy." Tom Rohrs, Senior VP of Global Operations for Applied Materials Inc.

The best leaders invest where it counts, and they know how to cut costs where they can. They are tight and loose. Keep everyone working smart on real priorities and stress early problem solving when there is too much to do. Find and eliminate any project that is not adding value to free you to do the things that must be done to serve your customers. Expect every member of the team to honor the call for "no surprises." Stress the need to take initiative and set limits to keep team members in their peak productivity zone. Use the 4 X's Rule--“For every unit of time you may be late, give four times the warning to those you team with or report to.” When inadequate resources exist and significant work is not being done in support of strategic initiatives, make sure your people are professional pests in fighting for the resources they need to make change work. Be tight where you can be and loose where teams can add significant value. Don’t just think More with Less; learn to focus on doing the RIGHT Less with Less! Change agents live by saying YES to life's challenges, but too few have learned that to empower the RIGHT YES one must be able to exercise the FREQUENT and STRONG NO. Work the power of focus. Frequently ask the questions, "What are your principal priorities?" "Is what you're doing adding value? If not, don't do it!" and "Are there any red flags?" Now, where are you and your people wasting resources on work that ought not to be done?

"Never let the things that matter most be at the mercy of the things that matter least." Goethe

"Lack of planning on your part does not constitute a crisis on my part." Sign used by Peter Ueberroth during the 1984 Olympics

The Winning Balance—Make a Living and a Life

“The trouble with the rat race is that even if you win, you’re still a rat.”

Lilly Tomlin

"People who cannot find time for recreation are obliged sooner or later to find time for illness."

John Wanamaker

“In this age of terrorism I can intellectually accept that I could end up in a pile of rubble, but I can’t accept that I would be in that rubble not having lived the rest of my life. I’ve got singing lessons to take and poems to write, and I’m just beginning to show my children the world.”

Pat Eisemann, Manhattan publishing executive

All are called to do their part to work smart and add value. At the same time, don't let maximizing the effectiveness of your people become permission to burn out your best people. You can't afford to lose your gold! To do that, your good people must find balance in their lives or lose their vitality on the job. Make time for you and your team to enjoy your "energy boosting" relationships, regular stress breaks, and time to exercise. Start by buying a few tickets! When you've paid a hundred dollars for theater tickets, you find a way to get everything done so that you can go no matter what work demands appear. In fact, have tickets every day and be willing to give them up only when unexpected job demands require it. Work and live hard. The tragedy of life is that the people you most want to spend time with, you have to schedule time to even see. The people you least want to be with will find you wherever you are. Treat your time investments as carefully as you do your financial investments. Ultimately, only you are responsible for finding your winning balance. Few want on their tombstone—“I finished everything on my to-do-list!”

“Someone who works, has a family and goes bowling with a group has an edge on a person whose life is work. With each added relationship you have, the less likely you are to become ill.” Sheldon Cohen, Carnegie-Mellon University researcher

“Your company measures its priorities. People also need to place metrics around their priorities. I track how many times I get home in time to have dinner with my family; my assistant reports the exact number to me each month. My goal is to be home for dinner at least 25 nights a month. Keeping track of your behavior each month means that you don’t slip up, because you know immediately whether your schedule is matching up with your priorities.” Vinod Khosla, General Partner, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers

Balance Empowerment and Meaningful Limits

"Empowerment is not real unless it is sandwiched between mission and measure." D. Quinn Mills

"The only man I know who behaves sensibly is my tailor; he takes my measures anew each time he sees me. The rest go on with their old measurements and expect me to fit them." George Bernard Shaw

"People in every nook and cranny of the organization are empowered--encouraged in fact--to do things their way. Suggestions are actively sought. But this all takes place within a context of direction. People know what the boundaries are; they know where they should act on their own and where not. The boss knows that his or her job is to establish boundaries, and then truly get out of the way."

Robert H. Waterman

Everyone knows that empowerment is the answer to make change work, but it also can be the cause of major organizational disasters. Ask the former executives of Barrons about empowerment? One empowered employee without adequate limits and checks brought the company to bankruptcy. Again, leaders must manage the tension between encouraging involvement while focusing it within necessary limits or boundaries. The best learn to be very, very clear about strategic goals, the mission, and the limits on any person’s decision making. Then, they are ready to step aside until needed to give teams the time and the latitude to make change work where it counts. But rest assured, without clear objectives and boundaries, empowerment can be an invitation to anarchy. Robert Waterman defines empowerment as directed autonomy. People are encouraged to do things their way within a context of direction. People know what the boundaries are; they know where they should act on their own and where not. Then the boss’s job is get out of their way. Trust has to be earned. If you don’t trust someone, you won’t empower them. Work with everyone to build trust or they help them find another job. By encouraging participation within limits, you give people control of their work. By providing needed information and shared measurement systems, you help focus everyone on what’s working and what isn’t.

"I can't stand this proliferation of paperwork. It's useless to fight the forms. You've got to kill the people producing them." Vladimir Kabaidze, Moscow

Teamwork Starts with Caring Enough to Confront and Support

"We found that the most exciting environments, that treated people very well, are also tough as nails. There is no bureaucratic mumbo-jumbo... Excellent companies provide two things simultaneously: Tough environments and very supportive environments."  Thomas Peters

"We all make mistakes. But what really makes mistakes expensive is not admitting them right away. Business culture teaches us never to admit to our mistakes but to bury them instead or to blame someone else." Katie Paine, Founder and CEO of the Delahaye Group

"A good manager doesn't try to eliminate conflict; he tries to keep it from wasting the energies of his people. If you're the boss and your people fight you openly when they think that you are wrong--that's healthy. If your people fight each other openly in your presence for what they believe in--that's healthy.  But keep all the conflict eyeball to eyeball." Robert Townsend

"If managers in your firm today were asked the question: 'If I work for you and I have an idea, what do you want me to do with it?' What would their response be? Would they be able to talk about the process with ease and comfort, or would they hem and haw and backpedal? Would they have top-of-mind examples to share? The answer to this issue is to establish an idea management system that is right for your firm." Robert Tucker, author of "Driving Growth Through Innovation: How Leading Firms Are Transforming Their Futures"

The best team members have learned to avoid avoidance; to be problem solvers, not problem evaders. In today’s rapidly changing world at all levels we must be open to confront all problems quickly. If anyone in your company is aware of mistakes, good leaders want to know about...and they want to know about it now. Building a team works best when filled with diverse members who have an overwhelming commitment to the team but are each capable of challenging other members with differences and innovative ideas. Well handled conflict and conversations help build clarity of vision and purpose. Take time to honor, support and use disagreements when they occur. They will work to keep everyone active in disagreeing without being disagreeable. Effective leaders in the future can’t limit their interaction to announcing changes or confronting problems; they must learn to major in the positive. Give credit and take more than their share of the blame. Take time to give timely, specific recognition and ask for assistance in the areas they respect and trust their skills. They don’t just talk online; they get face-to-face with people on small talk and work related issues. They care enough to confront and to major in being supportive. What are you doing to build a problem solving not a problem avoiding culture?

“I don’t like that man. I’m going to have to get to know him better.” Abraham Lincoln

“In my experience, relationships and loyalty have become undervalued commodities at many American companies. So many of us have lost sight of the vital importance of dealing with people we can trust. Adversarial or distant relationships are not inevitable—nor are they the best way of doing business. Much can be gained by enlisting partners and colleagues who are committed to the same goals.”

Howard Schultz, Starbucks Coffee Company

"Our role as leaders is not to catch people doing things wrong but to create an environment in which people can become heroes." Newt Hardie, VP at Milliken

“Good leaders take more than their share of the blame and less than their share of the credit. Bad leaders take more than their share of the credit and less than their share of the blame and then wonder why no one likes working with them.” Ernest Archer

Care enough to confront but major in bridge building to make diverse teams work. In winning organizations leaders are bridge builders who are masters in the motivation and coalition building arena. Significant change brings with it conflict; leaders must balance increased conflict with an investment of time in building attitude, morale, and motivation within their influence network. Put your calendar where your mouth is. Do your part to create a culture of pride that recognizes the effectiveness of others. Take the time to recognize and formally acknowledge your key team members. Research shows that to be perceived as a supportive leader, leaders need a four-to-one positive to negative contact history. Most leaders achieve that only with those they enjoy and know well; effective leaders bridge across lines to make diversity and new coalitions work. Imagine every team member has on his chest a sign that reads, "Make me feel important!" Give timely, specific recognition and ask for assistance in the areas you respect and trust their skills. Listening is one of the most important skills effective executives possess. Invest time in maintaining the listening advantage and major in being visible during major changes. What works for you as a leader to bridge to all your people?

“People need leadership to help them maintain their focus on the tough questions. Disciplined attention is the currency of leadership.” Ronald Heifetz, author of Leadership Without Easy Answers

Take Your Job Seriously and Yourself Lightly

“Laughter is the shortest distance between two people.” Victor Borge

"If you aren't having fun in your work, fix the problem before it becomes serious; ask for help if you need it. If you can't fix it and won't ask for help, please go away before you spoil the fun for the rest of us." Russ Walden

While taking your job of leading very seriously, don’t forget to take a sense of humor along for the ride. Take your mission seriously, but yourself lightly. Humor and laughter make great daily companions on your team’s journey to excellence. Don't go through life with your car or your face in park. In fact, use your sense of humor for fun and profit. It develops good feelings and rapport and develops a positive, lighter atmosphere. Why does it work? People like to do business with people who make them laugh. Never forget that some days you're the bug, and some days you're the windshield. That's a perspective worth remembering in this chaotic and changing age.

Make Change Work Starting with Yourself…

"Excellence isn't a sometimes thing. You have to earn it and reearn it every single day." Vince Lombardi

“The most important part of the meeting is immediately after. What are they going to do with it once it is over?”  Walter Hailey

True change requires application. It’s easy to think of other people who ought to be here doing the changing, but the only person you control is yourself. What are the three most important “Keepers” you have learned that you can use to support strategic change?  Prepare to share your change objectives with those you lead.

Resources

1. Bennis, Warren. Managing People Is Like Herding Cats: Warren Bennis on Leadership, Executive Excellence, 1999.

2. Benton, D.A. How to Think Like a CEO, Warner Books, NY, NY, 1999.

3. Blackard, Kirk and Gibson, James. Capitalizing on Conflict: Strategies And Practices For Turning Conflict To Synergy In Organizations, Davies-Black, 2002.

4. Collins, James and Porras, Jerry. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies, Harper Business, NY, NY, 1994.

5. Courtney, Hugh. 20/20 Foresight: Crafting Strategy In An Uncertain World, Harvard Business
School Press, 2000.

6. Dauphinais, C. William and Price, Colin, Eds. Straight from the CEO, Fireside, NY, NY, 1999.

7. Drucker, Peter. Managerial Challenges for the 21st Century, Harper Business, NY, NY, 1999.

8.Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, Little, Brown and Co., 2000.

9. Kaplan, Robert S. and Norton, David. The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment, Harvard Business Press, 2000.

10. Kaye, Beverly and Jordan-Evans, Sharon. Love ‘Em or Lose ‘Em: Getting Good People to Stay, Berrett-Koehler, 1999.

11. Kelly, Patrick. Faster Company, Wiley, NY, NY, 1997.

12. Kotter, John. What Leaders Really Do, Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

13. Larkin, T.J. and Larkin, Sandra. Communicating Change: Winning Employee Support for New Business Goals, McGraw-Hill, 1994

14. Mathews, Ryan and Wacker, Watts. The Deviant’s Advantage: How Fringe Ideas Create Mass Markets, Crown Business, 2002.

15. Paulson, Terry L. They Shoot Managers Don't They? Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA, 1991.

16. Paulson, Terry L. Making Humor Work, Crisp Publications, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, 1989.

17. Paulson, Terry L. Paulson on Change, Griffin Publishing, Glendale, CA, 1995.

18. Paulson, Terry L. 50 Tips for Speaking Like a Pro, Crisp Publications, Menlo Park, CA, 1999.

19. Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Sutton, R. I. The Knowing-Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge Into Action, Harvard Business School Press, 2000.

20. Seligman, Martin. Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life, Pocket Books, 1990.

21. Stack, Jack and Burlingham, Bo. A Stake in the Outcome: Building A Culture Of Ownership For The Long-Term Success Of Your Business, Doubleday Currency, 2002.

22. Tichy, Noel. The Leadership Engine, Harper Business, NY, NY, 1997.

23. Tucker, Robert. Driving Growth through Innovation, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, 2002.

24. Vincent, Laurence. Legendary Brands: Unleashing The Power Of Storytelling To Create A Winning Market Strategy, Dearborn, 2002.

25. Womak, James and Jones, Daniel. Lean Thinking, Simon & Schuster, NY, NY, 1996.

 

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